1.
£îâàí
À¼äóêîâèž, Ðóñèçìè ó ñðïñêîõðâàòñêèì ðå÷íèöèìà. Ïðèíöèïè àäàïòàöè¼å. Ðå÷íèê, Ôîòî ôóòóðà, Áåîãðàä,
1997, 331.
Jovan Ajdukovic, Russisms in Serbo-Croatian Dictionaries. Principles of Adaptation.
Dictionary, Foto futura, Beograd, 1997, 331
Abstract
Reviewing the
domestic and foreign refereces We
have observed that the issue of modification of Russian models into replicas (Russisms) has not been sufficiently elaborated. As basis
for research We have used the works of the
theoreticians of the languages in contact whose principles of linguistic
appropriation We have examined, reinterpreted and augmented.
The paper covers
1089 words and expressions which in the excerpted vocabularies of foreign
languages have beside them a lexicograpfic remark
(qualifier) rus. /Russism/. The numbers of Russisms in the domestic lexicograpfic
sources is not final. Once the work on the Vocabulary of the Serbian Literary
Language is completed the number will be far greater. In the paper the concept Russism covers all words of Russian origin which are either
as foreign words or loanwords.
The main
alteration in the methodology of studying languages in contact concerns the
issue of linguistic levels on which the process of indirect linguistic
appropriation is taking place, whereas one the most important contributions of
this methodology is the possibility of investigating the correctness of already
determined meanings and other properties in the dictionaries. The former
researches have investigated the processes of indirect linguistic appropriation
from the phonological, word formation, morphological, semantic and lexic-styllistic aspect. The changes in the methodology are
caused, on one side, by the familiarity of these two languages, and on the
other side by typological differences.
Within the word
formation adaptation of Russisms We have introduced
the concept of transderivation by which We wished to designate the general principle according to
which the model is adapted by word formation into a replica. We have linked the
concept of transmorphemization within
the morphological adaptation with the adaptation of the basic morphological
form, and the new concept of transmorphologization
with the adaptation of morphological categories of the model into a
replica. We have made the greatest changes in the theory of the language in
contact in the sphere of semantic and lexically-stylistic adaptation of Russisms (LSA). Beside the concept of transsemantization
by which We wish to designate the adaptation of model
into a replica on a semantic level, We have introduced ten more semantic
changes within a partial or compromise transsemantization,
whereas on the lexically-styllistic level We are
discussing three types of LSA.
A conclusion may
be drawn from this that We have treated in the paper on one side the question
of proper pronunciation and ortography of foreign
lexicon within the orthographic and grammatical norms, and on the other side
the question of their proprer use within the existing
lexical norms. Through my research We have shown that
a model is adapted most into a replica by (1) free transphonemization
on a phonological level, (2) zero transderivation on
a word formation level, then (3) zero transmorphemization
when we discuss the formation of the basic morphological form of Russism, and (4) free transsemantization
on a semantic level. Lexical-styllistic research (5)
indicates that the modern Serbo-croatian languag, through Russian language, is returning to a great
extent to the Church Slavic tradition regardless of the breaking of these links
by the linguistic reform of Vuk Stefanovic
Karadzic.
2.
£îâàí
À¼äóêîâèž, Óâîä ó ëåêñè÷êó
êîíòàêòîëîãè¼ó. Òåîðè¼à àäàïòàöè¼å ðóñèçàìà, Ôîòî ôóòóðà,
Áåîãðàä, 2004, 364. ISBN
86-83691-06-3
Jovan
Ajdukovic, An Introduction to Lexical Contact: The Theory of the Adaptation of Russisms [In
South and West Slavic Languages], Foto futura, Beograd, 2004, 364.
ISBN 86-83691-06-3
Abstract
As
part of a project "Russisms in South Slavic
and West Slavic languages according to the qualifiers
in lexicographical sources", we have developed a plan for a
"Dictionary of Russisms in South and West
Slavic Languages" and described its connection to the theory of
inter-Slavic language contact. This is a special case of the general
problem of language contacts, since the languages in contact are closely
related.
We
propose a special type of dictionary: the "Lexical Contacts Dictionary".
We distinguish two subtypes: the "Lexical Contacts Dictionary of
Identification", which identifies words as Russisms
on the basis of principles we establish, and the "Lexical Contact
Dictionary of Adaptation" which formally describes the adaptation
of Russisms on each level of language - phonetic-phonological,
derivational, morpfological, semantic,
stylistic, syntactic.
We
introduce the term "contacteme" for
the basic unit of contact on each separate level of language. On the
phonological level, we distinguish "contact phoneme" (e.g.
Serb. <a>,
<g>, <i>, <t>, <k>, <a>),
"contact-grapheme" (e.g. Serb. àãèòêà), "contacteme in distribution of sounds" (e. g.
Serb. Kremlj), "prosodic contacteme" (e.g. Serb. gudsk). In word formation we distinguish "derivational
contacteme" (e.g. Serb. -ščik:
naturščik, -jaga: brodjaga), on the morphological level "morphological
contacteme" (e.g. gender of nouns), on
the semantic level "semantic contacteme"
(e.g. Serb. koš2 - šator; mesto
sa razapetim šatorima kao boravište vojske, tabor kod
zaporoških kozaka), on the
syntactic level "syntactic contacteme"
(e. g. Serb. bespokojiti
+ Acc, obosnovati
+ Acc), on the stylistic level "stylistic contacteme"
(e.g. Serb. bezobrazije, aparatčik, belogardejština) and on the lexical level
"contact lexeme" (e.g. Russisms).
We
reinterpret and innovate the "theory of
transfer" of "isms" (å.g. Filipović 1986, 1990; Ajduković 1997) and introduce the "theory of approximate
copying and activation" of "isms".
In
the "theory of transfer", the concept of Russism
in lexicographical sources in the broader sense means (1) an unmotivated
or motivated word of Russian origin which has kept a strong formal-semantic
connection with the corresponding word in Russian (e.g. Serb. baćuška,
votka, dača, samizdat,
sputnjik, uravnilovka), (2) an unmotivated
or motivated word of Russian origin which has partially or completely
lost its formal-semantic connection with the original Russian word
owing to adaptation (e.g. Serb. blagovremen,
iskrenost, istina, pravda, ljubimac, ljubimica, predostrožan,
predostrožnost), (3) an unmotivated
or motivated word of non-Russian origin borrowed through Russian (e.g.
Serb. agitprop, agitpropovski, almaz, bandura, aul, kilka,
tajga, čaj, korsak, jantar, kumis, kaftan, aršin) and (4) an unmotivated or motivated of Russian
or non-Russian origin borrowed into the receiving language through
a transmitter language (e.g. Maced. boljar, kolhoz, sovhoz, kolhozovština). For example, the trans-mitter
language in Russian-Macedonian language contacts is Bulgarian or
Serbian.
In
the "theory of approximate copying and activation", the concept
of Russism means a word having one or more
"independent contactemes", which have
arisen under the dominant influence of Russian (e.g. Serb. vostsk, nervčik, knjiška, bedstvo, krjak).
Key words: Languages in Contact, Lexical Contacts, Lexical
Contacts Dictionary, Adaptation Dictionary of Russisms,
Contacteme, Russisms,
South Slavic and West Slavic languages.